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equilateral trapezoid isosceles

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tetrahedron I have never seen a mind

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like the one your daughter has you have

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to see what she becomes Katherine we all

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go end up unemployed riding around in

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this pile of junk you're welcome to walk

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the sixteen men all sit in the back of

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the bus you have identification on we

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just don't know where to work at NASA

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sir I had no idea they heard quite a few

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women working in the space program you

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know we're doing here we're putting a

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human on top of a missile shooting into

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I need a mathematician it could look

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beyond the numbers man that doesn't yet

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exist before the Russians plant a flag

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from the damnum you have someone running

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Kathir as a gal for that she can handle

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any numbers you put in wrong don't

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embarrass me this was an indeed last

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night sorry I'm not that carnal Jam is a

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tall glass of water it's coming over now

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why would he be doing that Kells Mary's

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waving it Oh Jonathan slice up a file of

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what you already have a slam Hanoi your

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computer at nest and then women handle

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that sorted yes yes that women do some

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things at NASA mr. Johnson and it's not

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because we'll be escapes it's because we

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wear glasses we go from being our

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fathers daughters to our husbands wives

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to our babies mothers every night for

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three hundred out with Mama gone for 12

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and a half days no but it felt like it

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it's crunch time in 14 days astronauts

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will be here for training everything we

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do can matter to their wives to their

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children I believe is gonna matter to

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the whole damn country my gals are ready

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we can do the work that's John Glenn

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what do you ladies do for NASA calculate

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your margin landing sir engineer and I'm

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proud as the devil to be working with

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you how could you possibly be uh Glenn

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these white men it's equal rights I have

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no right as you find in epic there is no

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protocol for women attending there's no

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protocol for man circling the Earth

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either sir every time we have a chance

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to get ahead they move to finish me

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every time we all get there together we

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don't get there at all give it no uh

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NASA and giving up on good old-fashioned

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do

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let me ask you if you were white male

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would you wish to be an engineer I

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wouldn't have to I'd already be them

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don't you know that we're able good

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morning welcome to hidden figures the

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story behind the story my name is Sarah

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Ramsey and I'm your moderator for this

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event celebrating NASA's history hidden

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figures tells the story of the early

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days of NASA when computers were people

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and specifically the story of the women

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who broke barriers both at NASA and in

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society we've got a great panel here

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today to talk about this story and the

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story behind the story joining us in

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just a few minutes will be NASA

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Administrator Charles Bolden and then we

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have dr. bill Barry who is NASA's chief

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historian and Julie Williams Byrd who is

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a senior systems analyst here at NASA's

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Langley Research Center and then joining

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us virtually is Ted Nell fee who

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directed the new film hidden figures hi

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Ted I'd like to encourage you watching

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out there to send in your questions

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during the program you can email those

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questions to d/l info channel at

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gmail.com

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let's start with you the women in this

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story they played a critical role in

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NASA's history can you tell us a little

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bit about what they did and why it was

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important then well Becky you have to

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remember the context of the situation

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you know we're dealing with the Cold War

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situation you know time long ago for

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most people who were going to watch the

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movie but it was a very tense period of

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time between the United States and the

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Soviet Union and being competitors the

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space race became a surrogate for a

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struggle between those two countries and

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so what was happening at NASA was

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critical to the country President

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Kennedy set the goal to land on the moon

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in part that proved that the United

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States had a viable socio-economic

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system because people actually thought

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that the Soviet system might be better

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than the u.s. one because they were so

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successful in space so what the

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all people at Assen we're doing but

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particularly the computers who were

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working here that Langley at the time

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we're doing was they were you know

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calculating all the important

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information that needed to be done to

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find out how we going to actually do

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that stuff we have done this before and

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so those calculations were absolutely

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critical to understanding how we're

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going to safely put people in and out of

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space and and that was a really critical

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role for for NASA and for our country

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great administrator bolden welcome good

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to be here if I can start you off with

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the question here we've learned a little

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bit about the history and I know that as

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a pilot in an astronaut you understand

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the importance of science and math and

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how NASA uses those but I know you also

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feel strongly about how the arts and

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about how history is important to us at

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NASA so can you tell us a little bit

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about how those subjects fit into what

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we do well we think they fit incredibly

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well because I think I firmly believe

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that young people like the ones in the

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audience some of them don't have a clue

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that they like math and science but they

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know that they like music or they know

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they like art or they know they like

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something else and and we know that arts

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come from the same side of the brain as

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math and science so at NASA we talk

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about steamed which is science

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technology engineering arts math and

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then we had a D for design and and you

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may say well what's design design of

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spacesuit design is the interior or

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cockpit of a spacecraft so we emphasize

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all of those things and that's why the

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arts are so important to us if you talk

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about the movie that we're going to talk

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about a little bit later you may have

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already started talking about you notice

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how the arts enable us to become

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storytellers Sir Rebecca here my good

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friend of many many years knows that one

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of my the things that I say all the time

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about about us NASA engineers and

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scientists not about people like her she

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is a tremendous communicator we have I

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think we have the best communications

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shop in the world

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it's people like me the engineers and

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scientists who don't know how to tell

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stories and so that's again where

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arts come in so for some of you again in

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the audience you may think what am I

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going to do with the space program you

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can be a storyteller you know you can

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help us to tell our story you can do

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what dr. bill berry does he is the

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consummate storyteller for NASA is the

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NASA historian so he is in his brain and

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in and in his office back at NASA

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headquarters in Washington DC resides

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the entire history not just a NASA the

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National Aeronautics and Space

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Administration but of NACA the the

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National Advisory Committee on

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Aeronautics which is what brought us if

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you will Katherine Johnson and you know

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the computers and skirts all right Thank

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You Julie you've worked at NASA now for

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28 years yes and would you tell us a

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little bit about your story and what

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inspired you to pursue a career in

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science and engineering sure I'd love to

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so as you said Sara I've been here at

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NASA Langley for 28 years I have a

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degree in physics from Hampton

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University and the things that I do now

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things that help NASA look at sending

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humans to Mars so the journey to Mars is

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the work that I do and so I look at

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different technologies and capabilities

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that we'll need to send humans to Mars

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and it's really quite exciting and quite

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challenging to think about sending

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humans safely to Mars and so the work

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that I do is really really really very

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exciting how I got here and I tell the

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story wherever I go I talk about my dad

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who was just the most phenomenal person

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in the whole wide world you can tell we

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were very very very close but I remember

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in high school my dad was talking to me

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and he said Julie you know you're really

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good at math and I think that you would

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be a really good engineer in high school

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I wasn't focused on engineering I was

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thinking about maybe a law degree but

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when dad said that that one moment it

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clicked in my heart because I was very

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good at math and I really enjoyed math

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it almost came to me very naturally and

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so when dad said that I said well if dad

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says I can do it then I must be able to

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do it so I forged that path and came

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here like I said I went to school at at

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ham

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université I had a lot of instructors

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and professors that saw things in me

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that I didn't see and then talking to

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these young folks there's going to be

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people that are going to speak

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encouraging words on you and they're

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going to see things in you that you

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don't quite see in yourselves right now

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and I encourage you to take those words

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and to build on them and to realize your

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goal and so like I said working here at

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NASA Langley has been a dream it really

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really has been a dream when I first

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started working here I was developing

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solid state lasers for remote sensing of

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the atmosphere it's always in the

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research lab and a laser lab doing that

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work and that was really really cool and

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then I switched over to systems analysis

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where we look at different technologies

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and capabilities for NASA's journey to

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Mars fantastic thanks Julie all right

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let's go to our virtual participant Ted

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milfy hi Ted good morning I

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so obviously the story of hidden figures

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inspired you and can you tell us a

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little bit more about how you discovered

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the story and why you decided it needed

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to be a film well it started with a book

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proposal done by the Marguerite sherry

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Morrow was Margo's father was a research

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scientist at NASA for many years and he

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grew up in Langley in the Langley campus

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in Virginia and Margo therefore grew up

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with Katherine Johnson around and

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Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson and she

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started researching these women and

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discovering the history of these women

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along with the help from NASA and dr.

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Bell and she discovered this amazing

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story about these women if you if you

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guys don't know this you guys have

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computers all the students out there you

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guys have computers but back in their

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day a human being was called a computer

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so these women were called computers

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before we had laptops or anything like

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that

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so she wrote this book proposal which

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was just so fascinating about these

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three women who were going through NASA

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at the time and

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and working at NASA and helping the

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astronauts in the space race in 1960s

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and they were just an incredible journey

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together and when you read this book

274
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proposal you you couldn't believe first

275
00:11:53,960 --> 00:11:52,259
of all that the story was true that that

276
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there actually were women that work at

277
00:11:57,829 --> 00:11:55,920
NASA at that time I worked in math and

278
00:12:02,090 --> 00:11:57,839
science at that time because back in

279
00:12:04,489 --> 00:12:02,100
those days a woman could get a job as a

280
00:12:06,019 --> 00:12:04,499
nurse or a teacher and so working at

281
00:12:08,509 --> 00:12:06,029
NASA was a great place for them and a

282
00:12:09,799 --> 00:12:08,519
great step up so the story was just so

283
00:12:12,350 --> 00:12:09,809
captivating and I have two daughters

284
00:12:15,139 --> 00:12:12,360
myself pretty much the same age as most

285
00:12:16,970 --> 00:12:15,149
of you guys out there so it was very

286
00:12:21,309 --> 00:12:16,980
very it was just this an amazing true

287
00:12:27,290 --> 00:12:24,860
fantastic thank you all right so we are

288
00:12:28,699 --> 00:12:27,300
going to take questions from students in

289
00:12:31,549 --> 00:12:28,709
our audience both here in the studio

290
00:12:32,299 --> 00:12:31,559
with us and tying in through our Digital

291
00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:32,309
Learning Network

292
00:12:39,019 --> 00:12:35,550
but just as a reminder you can send your

293
00:12:42,110 --> 00:12:39,029
questions to us at DL info channel at

294
00:12:49,540 --> 00:12:42,120
gmail.com but first we'd like to hear

295
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all right

296
00:12:59,359 --> 00:12:57,319
hi I'm taraji P Henson and my new movie

297
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hidden figures we learn about the

298
00:13:03,799 --> 00:13:01,679
brilliant african-american women who

299
00:13:05,960 --> 00:13:03,809
used their brains to make space travel

300
00:13:08,179 --> 00:13:05,970
possible their groundbreaking

301
00:13:10,429 --> 00:13:08,189
accomplishments are an important

302
00:13:13,189 --> 00:13:10,439
reminder for all of us to learn STEM

303
00:13:16,069 --> 00:13:13,199
science technology engineering and

304
00:13:18,649 --> 00:13:16,079
mathematics these skills will make it

305
00:13:21,469 --> 00:13:18,659
possible for women and minorities to get

306
00:13:23,599 --> 00:13:21,479
careers we've only dreamed of like the

307
00:13:28,159 --> 00:13:23,609
women of hidden figures you too could

308
00:13:30,619 --> 00:13:28,169
change the world thank you now let's go

309
00:13:32,239 --> 00:13:30,629
to our first question here in our studio

310
00:13:34,549 --> 00:13:32,249
audience we've got some students from

311
00:13:36,009 --> 00:13:34,559
Bethel High School joining us today so

312
00:13:39,109 --> 00:13:36,019
let's go to our first question

313
00:13:42,349 --> 00:13:39,119
hello my name is Anil Ola Pataki and my

314
00:13:44,629 --> 00:13:42,359
question is for dr. Barry what was the

315
00:13:46,210 --> 00:13:44,639
required background of the three ladies

316
00:13:49,939 --> 00:13:46,220
that were hired for the positions

317
00:13:51,710 --> 00:13:49,949
highlighted in the movie so to be a

318
00:13:54,379 --> 00:13:51,720
computer for the NACA the National

319
00:13:58,809 --> 00:13:54,389
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics back

320
00:14:00,919 --> 00:13:58,819
in in those days typically it wasn't the

321
00:14:03,319 --> 00:14:00,929
engineering level job so you didn't have

322
00:14:06,139 --> 00:14:03,329
to have a college degree and many of the

323
00:14:08,960 --> 00:14:06,149
first woman computers were hired by the

324
00:14:10,159 --> 00:14:08,970
Langley folks here starting in 1935 when

325
00:14:12,739 --> 00:14:10,169
the first woman computers were brought

326
00:14:14,179 --> 00:14:12,749
in many of them were they were college

327
00:14:17,139 --> 00:14:14,189
graduates they as a math background but

328
00:14:18,979 --> 00:14:17,149
but not a lot in 1943 when the first

329
00:14:21,949 --> 00:14:18,989
african-american woman computers were

330
00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:21,959
brought in they brought in some very

331
00:14:25,399 --> 00:14:23,970
qualified people they all had advanced

332
00:14:27,710 --> 00:14:25,409
they all had college degrees of

333
00:14:29,299 --> 00:14:27,720
mathematics they're all extremely bright

334
00:14:32,359 --> 00:14:29,309
and they had a network of people that

335
00:14:33,919 --> 00:14:32,369
that they went to to find their friends

336
00:14:36,559 --> 00:14:33,929
who were also equally you know qualified

337
00:14:37,579 --> 00:14:36,569
so so the african-american woman

338
00:14:39,049 --> 00:14:37,589
computers came were actually more

339
00:14:42,949 --> 00:14:39,059
qualified than their white counterparts

340
00:14:46,699 --> 00:14:42,959
who worked in NAC at the time and and so

341
00:14:48,919 --> 00:14:46,709
they naturally flourished at the NACA

342
00:14:51,589 --> 00:14:48,929
it's an engineering institution as we

343
00:14:53,869 --> 00:14:51,599
are here at NASA now and data drives

344
00:14:54,799 --> 00:14:53,879
decisions and when you look at the data

345
00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:54,809
it's like these people are producing

346
00:14:59,479 --> 00:14:56,970
they're doing great work we need to give

347
00:15:01,879 --> 00:14:59,489
them more work so so that's what happens

348
00:15:03,799 --> 00:15:01,889
so typically most computers had some

349
00:15:04,580 --> 00:15:03,809
math background we're talented in some

350
00:15:06,710 --> 00:15:04,590
way

351
00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:06,720
math all the african-american women who

352
00:15:11,060 --> 00:15:08,760
came into actually had at least a

353
00:15:12,770 --> 00:15:11,070
bachelor's degree in in mathematics and

354
00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:12,780
we're incredibly qualified many were

355
00:15:16,510 --> 00:15:15,210
extremely brilliant and gifted in many

356
00:15:19,670 --> 00:15:16,520
many ways

357
00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:19,680
great thank you all right we're going to

358
00:15:25,460 --> 00:15:22,350
go to our deal in now and we're going to

359
00:15:26,570 --> 00:15:25,470
go to our first high school bland County

360
00:15:31,460 --> 00:15:26,580
High School

361
00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:31,470
bland County are you I say hi to

362
00:15:39,770 --> 00:15:35,730
everyone give them just a second here to

363
00:15:42,470 --> 00:15:39,780
get online and we'll let them say hi and

364
00:15:47,660 --> 00:15:42,480
then we will have them ask their

365
00:15:49,460 --> 00:15:47,670
question all right so after bland County

366
00:15:57,440 --> 00:15:49,470
we're going to go to Avon intermediate

367
00:15:59,840 --> 00:15:57,450
West so you guys get ready and we'll

368
00:16:03,460 --> 00:15:59,850
take a question actually

369
00:16:09,830 --> 00:16:03,470
we've got a couple of questions from

370
00:16:11,450 --> 00:16:09,840
town all right we're gonna go to a

371
00:16:13,130 --> 00:16:11,460
question from our studio audience here

372
00:16:17,329 --> 00:16:13,140
so while we're getting blamed pounding

373
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:20,190
to kill the last to check the

374
00:16:23,730 --> 00:16:21,910
calculations of the human computers and

375
00:16:27,960 --> 00:16:23,740
how would you guys determine which

376
00:16:29,250 --> 00:16:27,970
calculations were Valley that's a great

377
00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:29,260
question and when you see the movie

378
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:30,490
you'll see that that plays an important

379
00:16:36,090 --> 00:16:32,410
role in the movie is lauded as this Ted

380
00:16:39,389 --> 00:16:36,100
will tell us as well but of course in

381
00:16:41,310 --> 00:16:39,399
the 1930s and 40s the computers really

382
00:16:43,019 --> 00:16:41,320
didn't exist in any you know electronic

383
00:16:45,720 --> 00:16:43,029
computers didn't exist yet and they were

384
00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:45,730
just being developed the NACA bought its

385
00:16:50,880 --> 00:16:48,730
first computer in the late 1940s and it

386
00:16:53,370 --> 00:16:50,890
was one of these giant room sized univac

387
00:16:56,579 --> 00:16:53,380
computers it took a very long time to

388
00:16:58,620 --> 00:16:56,589
program it to tell it what to do and so

389
00:17:01,500 --> 00:16:58,630
it wasn't used very much and it wasn't

390
00:17:02,940 --> 00:17:01,510
until the nineteen in the 50s that the

391
00:17:05,159 --> 00:17:02,950
computers started being used for

392
00:17:07,319 --> 00:17:05,169
scientific research but they were again

393
00:17:08,789 --> 00:17:07,329
slow not highly reliable you'd have to

394
00:17:10,530 --> 00:17:08,799
have a human computer check to make sure

395
00:17:12,890 --> 00:17:10,540
that the calculations were correct

396
00:17:16,949 --> 00:17:12,900
before you ran your run on the computer

397
00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:16,959
and and getting time on them was was

398
00:17:21,539 --> 00:17:18,490
limited because there's so few of them

399
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:21,549
so electronic computers really didn't

400
00:17:26,069 --> 00:17:24,010
play a role until early 60s and

401
00:17:28,140 --> 00:17:26,079
fortunately for us they became more

402
00:17:29,909 --> 00:17:28,150
usable in the 60s because you needed

403
00:17:31,830 --> 00:17:29,919
electronic computers to calculate things

404
00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:31,840
very quickly for space flight you really

405
00:17:35,280 --> 00:17:33,250
you really can't do spaceflight without

406
00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:35,290
electronic computers so electronic

407
00:17:39,150 --> 00:17:37,510
appears just coming out as we're

408
00:17:40,799 --> 00:17:39,160
starting to send humans into space good

409
00:17:44,570 --> 00:17:40,809
time it those things merge together well

410
00:17:46,799 --> 00:17:44,580
and as you'll see in the movie the the

411
00:17:48,720 --> 00:17:46,809
question of whether the software that

412
00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:48,730
that calculated John Glenn's trajectory

413
00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:51,490
correct was the correct software was a

414
00:17:55,950 --> 00:17:53,290
question and were the computers

415
00:17:58,820 --> 00:17:55,960
producing the right data and Katherine

416
00:18:00,720 --> 00:17:58,830
Johnson played a critical role in

417
00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:00,730
proving that in fact the software that

418
00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:04,890
we're using for John Glenn's flight was

419
00:18:10,650 --> 00:18:06,940
accurate and produced the right answers

420
00:18:12,990 --> 00:18:10,660
I I want to challenge all of you okay

421
00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:13,000
pay attention to the movie remember his

422
00:18:17,909 --> 00:18:15,730
question and then at the end if I find

423
00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:17,919
you all I'm going to ask you what was

424
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:21,250
the lesson that you learned from what

425
00:18:25,740 --> 00:18:23,710
happened between humans and computers

426
00:18:28,409 --> 00:18:25,750
over the course of the movie that's

427
00:18:31,049 --> 00:18:28,419
applicable to today okay

428
00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:31,059
we should be learning from things like

429
00:18:34,860 --> 00:18:33,250
this book in this movie there's a very

430
00:18:37,260 --> 00:18:34,870
important lesson I think that's

431
00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:37,270
applicable to today to all of you so I'm

432
00:18:41,700 --> 00:18:38,650
gonna ask you about it after you see the

433
00:18:43,549 --> 00:18:41,710
movie excellent I felt like we should

434
00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:43,559
have put a spoiler alert

435
00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:48,370
sorry said alright um let's see if we've

436
00:18:53,010 --> 00:18:50,490
got bland County we're going to go

437
00:18:55,860 --> 00:18:53,020
actually I've got a question from from

438
00:18:59,700 --> 00:18:55,870
Gmail so let's take one of our submitted

439
00:19:00,990 --> 00:18:59,710
questions because III think this is

440
00:19:03,360 --> 00:19:01,000
actually a really great question and

441
00:19:05,610 --> 00:19:03,370
Charlie this one I think you might want

442
00:19:07,860 --> 00:19:05,620
to answer how many people does it take

443
00:19:10,440 --> 00:19:07,870
to build a rocket today thousands

444
00:19:12,780 --> 00:19:10,450
literally thousands and thousands and

445
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:12,790
thousands of people to build a rocket in

446
00:19:18,140 --> 00:19:16,510
NASA we have 17,000 give or take civil

447
00:19:21,150 --> 00:19:18,150
servants who are employees and about

448
00:19:23,820 --> 00:19:21,160
40,000 contractors that support us now

449
00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:23,830
they're not all working on say the heavy

450
00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:25,240
lift launch vehicle that we're building

451
00:19:29,159 --> 00:19:27,730
to carry humans to Mars some of them are

452
00:19:30,780 --> 00:19:29,169
working on the capsule some of them are

453
00:19:32,190 --> 00:19:30,790
working on the ground systems but there

454
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:32,200
are literally thousands of people

455
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:34,210
required to build a rocket or an

456
00:19:39,360 --> 00:19:36,880
airplane or or anything today in spite

457
00:19:40,950 --> 00:19:39,370
of the fact that technology has really

458
00:19:43,250 --> 00:19:40,960
come to the fore and a lot of it is

459
00:19:47,940 --> 00:19:43,260
automated but still thousands of people

460
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:47,950
definitely all right let's that we

461
00:19:53,669 --> 00:19:49,210
actually have another question from

462
00:19:57,210 --> 00:19:53,679
Gmail for Ted if this one is for you it

463
00:20:00,000 --> 00:19:57,220
seems very difficult to convey detailed

464
00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:00,010
scientific information in a film so how

465
00:20:03,899 --> 00:20:01,840
did you approach that challenge as a

466
00:20:06,450 --> 00:20:03,909
director and what techniques did you use

467
00:20:08,190 --> 00:20:06,460
to communicate communicate the complex

468
00:20:12,419 --> 00:20:08,200
technical nature of the work of these

469
00:20:15,630 --> 00:20:12,429
women to a general audience oh well yeah

470
00:20:17,130 --> 00:20:15,640
it's a very hard question and a very big

471
00:20:20,430 --> 00:20:17,140
challenge for us for making the film

472
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:20,440
because you know in theory or when you

473
00:20:24,960 --> 00:20:22,320
think about you think math is not very

474
00:20:26,789 --> 00:20:24,970
cinematic per se mean its numbers and

475
00:20:30,659 --> 00:20:26,799
its numbers on the board so our

476
00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:30,669
challenge was to make the math cinematic

477
00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:33,490
and explain the math and the problems

478
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:36,390
that and NASA was facing together

479
00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:38,640
rocket into space at that time in

480
00:20:43,570 --> 00:20:40,170
layman's terms in terms that everyone

481
00:20:46,250 --> 00:20:43,580
can understand which you know took me

482
00:20:49,190 --> 00:20:46,260
months to actually understand it and

483
00:20:52,040 --> 00:20:49,200
even though bill explained it to me you

484
00:20:54,350 --> 00:20:52,050
know a bunch of times it takes a long

485
00:20:57,710 --> 00:20:54,360
time for it to sink in so we wrote a

486
00:21:00,770 --> 00:20:57,720
scene which you'll see in the movie that

487
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:00,780
Jim Parsons explains the main problem

488
00:21:07,550 --> 00:21:04,410
that NASA was facing with going from a

489
00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:07,560
suborbital flight to an orbital flight

490
00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:10,530
and that was a huge jump in the space

491
00:21:15,860 --> 00:21:12,870
program to get to that point to go from

492
00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:15,870
sub orbit which essentially if you think

493
00:21:19,430 --> 00:21:17,970
of a sub orbit and and I'm probably

494
00:21:21,980 --> 00:21:19,440
going to butcher this because I'm not a

495
00:21:23,510 --> 00:21:21,990
scientist but a sub orbit you know you

496
00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:23,520
start on the earth and the rocket takes

497
00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:26,520
off goes up into the sub or but not into

498
00:21:30,770 --> 00:21:28,170
the atmosphere somewhere and comes

499
00:21:34,340 --> 00:21:30,780
straight back down so in layman's terms

500
00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:34,350
that math is a triangle and that's

501
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:36,180
something every one of you knows right

502
00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:38,310
as a triangle and so those angles and

503
00:21:46,340 --> 00:21:41,130
that that math is known with an orbital

504
00:21:48,890 --> 00:21:46,350
flight the rocket shoots the capsule out

505
00:21:50,990 --> 00:21:48,900
into the orbit past the sub orbit and

506
00:21:53,390 --> 00:21:51,000
then they'll you could jump in here from

507
00:21:55,820 --> 00:21:53,400
bombing on this one book and and what it

508
00:21:58,520 --> 00:21:55,830
does is it it it gets caught in the

509
00:22:01,280 --> 00:21:58,530
Earth's atmosphere and it goes around

510
00:22:03,530 --> 00:22:01,290
like that in elliptical orbit right

511
00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:03,540
so and this elliptical orbit the theory

512
00:22:09,170 --> 00:22:06,690
is the capsule will spin around the

513
00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:09,180
earth forever because there's nothing to

514
00:22:13,310 --> 00:22:11,580
bring it back down and so that was the

515
00:22:16,970 --> 00:22:13,320
main problem that NASA was facing is how

516
00:22:19,070 --> 00:22:16,980
to get this elliptical orbit back into

517
00:22:21,410 --> 00:22:19,080
Earth's atmosphere back onto the ground

518
00:22:23,150 --> 00:22:21,420
safely and so we have a scene in the

519
00:22:25,970 --> 00:22:23,160
movie where Jim Parsons explains that

520
00:22:28,790 --> 00:22:25,980
and uh you know we tried to make it as

521
00:22:29,930 --> 00:22:28,800
cinematic as possible um I hope we did a

522
00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:29,940
good job you'll have to let me know if

523
00:22:35,690 --> 00:22:34,230
we did great thank you

524
00:22:40,580 --> 00:22:35,700
all right let's take another question

525
00:22:42,740 --> 00:22:40,590
from our in-studio audience hi my name

526
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:42,750
is Calvin Harris and my questions for

527
00:22:48,710 --> 00:22:46,110
mr. Melfi all right Ted we have another

528
00:22:49,820 --> 00:22:48,720
question for you go ahead what technical

529
00:22:52,990 --> 00:22:49,830
advisors were in poor

530
00:22:55,549 --> 00:22:53,000
and for the development of this movie

531
00:22:56,960 --> 00:22:55,559
the question is what technical advisors

532
00:23:01,639 --> 00:22:56,970
were important in the development of the

533
00:23:05,539 --> 00:23:01,649
movie yeah yes Oh while you're staring

534
00:23:09,019 --> 00:23:05,549
at one of them the dr. berry there and

535
00:23:12,680 --> 00:23:09,029
dr. Ullrich were tremendously helpful in

536
00:23:13,789 --> 00:23:12,690
explaining everything that NASA was

537
00:23:15,529 --> 00:23:13,799
going through especially what I just

538
00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:15,539
talked about it's an elliptical orbit -

539
00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:18,450
a parabolic orbit without them I don't

540
00:23:23,029 --> 00:23:20,490
know if we have a movie we just have a

541
00:23:26,419 --> 00:23:23,039
you know a bunch of Hollywood rigmarole

542
00:23:29,450 --> 00:23:26,429
but they made it real we also had a math

543
00:23:31,310 --> 00:23:29,460
specialist dr. Rudy horn who is a math

544
00:23:34,039 --> 00:23:31,320
specialist out of Morehouse College in

545
00:23:36,409 --> 00:23:34,049
Atlanta who really worked hard on

546
00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:36,419
getting us to understand the actual math

547
00:23:42,350 --> 00:23:40,230
bind so dr. berry explained the science

548
00:23:44,750 --> 00:23:42,360
behind it and the problems behind it and

549
00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:44,760
dr. rudi horne explained the math behind

550
00:23:49,149 --> 00:23:46,950
it which was even more confusing if you

551
00:23:52,669 --> 00:23:49,159
could imagine it's a lot of math but

552
00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:52,679
between the two of them and nasa support

553
00:23:57,529 --> 00:23:55,100
we got a pretty good understanding of

554
00:23:58,820 --> 00:23:57,539
what of what it would take

555
00:24:00,940 --> 00:23:58,830
well what nasa was going through at that

556
00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:00,950
time so those were our main advisors

557
00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:04,970
NASA's NASA's how and dr. Rudi horn

558
00:24:11,769 --> 00:24:08,970
great thank you so uh we have another

559
00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:11,779
question from gmail here and I'm gonna

560
00:24:17,389 --> 00:24:14,130
actually give it a little bit of context

561
00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:17,399
first we call the story is called hidden

562
00:24:23,899 --> 00:24:19,380
figures and of course that refers to

563
00:24:25,519 --> 00:24:23,909
these women who were hidden at NASA who

564
00:24:27,230 --> 00:24:25,529
weren't widely recognized at the time

565
00:24:30,889 --> 00:24:27,240
and this story they were such an

566
00:24:32,750 --> 00:24:30,899
important part of NASA's work but the

567
00:24:35,450 --> 00:24:32,760
story wasn't widely known until more

568
00:24:39,379 --> 00:24:35,460
recently so could you talk a little bit

569
00:24:42,669 --> 00:24:39,389
about how NASA and others have

570
00:24:45,470 --> 00:24:42,679
recognized the work that these women did

571
00:24:49,549 --> 00:24:45,480
since then and and why this is a story

572
00:24:52,460 --> 00:24:49,559
now I'll start I guess we actually had

573
00:24:54,379 --> 00:24:52,470
started prior to hidden figures trying

574
00:24:56,029 --> 00:24:54,389
to we didn't know the term hidden

575
00:24:58,610 --> 00:24:56,039
figures but for a number of years now

576
00:25:01,820 --> 00:24:58,620
nASA has really been focusing on women

577
00:25:03,470 --> 00:25:01,830
in aerospace and women at NASA we

578
00:25:05,090 --> 00:25:03,480
actually on our website for

579
00:25:07,460 --> 00:25:05,100
a number of years now have had a feature

580
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:07,470
that's called women at NASA where we

581
00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:10,410
tried to feature people that most folk

582
00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:13,050
who look at NASA would not think about

583
00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:15,450
when the movie hidden figures came along

584
00:25:21,350 --> 00:25:18,320
in the book it was a perfect match

585
00:25:26,420 --> 00:25:21,360
because it enabled us to then Blanche a

586
00:25:31,430 --> 00:25:26,430
key can you please who just happened to

587
00:25:34,610 --> 00:25:31,440
be women and minority so it was a it was

588
00:25:37,730 --> 00:25:34,620
a perfect for a or a perfect segue for

589
00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:37,740
us to go from the moon into featuring

590
00:25:44,240 --> 00:25:41,490
even even more importantly the women and

591
00:25:48,260 --> 00:25:44,250
minorities who are a critical critical

592
00:25:50,660 --> 00:25:48,270
important part of the agency Becky if

593
00:25:51,860 --> 00:25:50,670
you read Margo's book which is a great

594
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:51,870
book by the way

595
00:25:57,170 --> 00:25:54,510
hidden figures she actually in the

596
00:25:58,880 --> 00:25:57,180
epilogue at the end mentions that she

597
00:26:01,460 --> 00:25:58,890
really liked the title but it's kind of

598
00:26:03,740 --> 00:26:01,470
a misnomer because they weren't actively

599
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:03,750
hidden figures so much as they were just

600
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:06,450
sort of overlooked as as well as a

601
00:26:09,110 --> 00:26:07,710
historian I can tell you they're there

602
00:26:12,790 --> 00:26:09,120
there were thousands of people work for

603
00:26:15,470 --> 00:26:12,800
the NACA and for NASA whose stories are

604
00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:15,480
wonderful and and should be told but

605
00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:19,200
just haven't come out yet so early in

606
00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:21,330
the 90s actually the the historian that

607
00:26:24,950 --> 00:26:22,860
was working here at Langley at the time

608
00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:24,960
actually did some early interviews with

609
00:26:29,060 --> 00:26:27,330
so in 1990 there some taped interviews

610
00:26:31,250 --> 00:26:29,070
with women computers who had worked at

611
00:26:33,410 --> 00:26:31,260
at Langley and there was some there's

612
00:26:35,120 --> 00:26:33,420
some interest in the subject as a

613
00:26:37,580 --> 00:26:35,130
master's thesis written about the women

614
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:37,590
computers who worked here and so that's

615
00:26:41,090 --> 00:26:39,210
been a subject that we've collected data

616
00:26:43,010 --> 00:26:41,100
on and hope that someone would tell the

617
00:26:45,770 --> 00:26:43,020
story about and boy did we get lucky

618
00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:45,780
that that a daughter of a former langley

619
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:47,930
employee you're retired Langley employee

620
00:26:51,890 --> 00:26:50,010
picked this thing up and did such a

621
00:26:53,450 --> 00:26:51,900
great job telling the story that that

622
00:26:55,550 --> 00:26:53,460
it's become a great book and that it

623
00:26:57,800 --> 00:26:55,560
attracted Ted's attention and it's

624
00:26:59,780 --> 00:26:57,810
become a great movie you know that's a

625
00:27:01,190 --> 00:26:59,790
great way to get our story told a number

626
00:27:02,750 --> 00:27:01,200
of years ago there was another book an

627
00:27:05,390 --> 00:27:02,760
earlier book called they could not fail

628
00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:05,400
and it focused on the african-american

629
00:27:12,920 --> 00:27:09,120
engineer in the very very early days of

630
00:27:16,370 --> 00:27:12,930
NASA guess it was missing

631
00:27:18,290 --> 00:27:16,380
women because it did not occur to them

632
00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:18,300
that there may have been women engineers

633
00:27:22,430 --> 00:27:20,850
and the like and you know the author of

634
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:22,440
the book I've heard her in interviews

635
00:27:26,810 --> 00:27:25,170
when she says she kept going back to

636
00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:26,820
what bill says about him and Becky about

637
00:27:30,110 --> 00:27:28,980
them not really being hidden she said

638
00:27:31,130 --> 00:27:30,120
she couldn't understand what people were

639
00:27:34,310 --> 00:27:31,140
talking about about there being no

640
00:27:35,630 --> 00:27:34,320
minorities no women at Langley or in

641
00:27:37,850 --> 00:27:35,640
NASA because she went to church with

642
00:27:39,260 --> 00:27:37,860
them you know she went to school with

643
00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:39,270
their kids so it was a matter of

644
00:27:44,750 --> 00:27:41,850
somebody again I'll go back to my need

645
00:27:47,210 --> 00:27:44,760
for communicators we needed someone who

646
00:27:49,430 --> 00:27:47,220
was able to tell the story and bring

647
00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:49,440
them out of the shadows if you will they

648
00:27:55,640 --> 00:27:52,650
were there doing their jobs just nobody

649
00:27:59,000 --> 00:27:55,650
told their story to follow up with that

650
00:28:01,910 --> 00:27:59,010
and another question from from online

651
00:28:03,620 --> 00:28:01,920
how did NACA find these women they were

652
00:28:06,620 --> 00:28:03,630
you know they were homemakers they were

653
00:28:09,590 --> 00:28:06,630
teachers they they didn't live here in

654
00:28:12,170 --> 00:28:09,600
this area they traveled so how how did

655
00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:12,180
how are they convinced to come and do

656
00:28:16,490 --> 00:28:14,340
this work that's a really good question

657
00:28:18,790 --> 00:28:16,500
and Margo does a great job in the book

658
00:28:21,410 --> 00:28:18,800
of explaining that I think but

659
00:28:22,790 --> 00:28:21,420
essentially most of the particular the

660
00:28:26,030 --> 00:28:22,800
african-american woman who came during

661
00:28:29,180 --> 00:28:26,040
the war part of this is driven by world

662
00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:29,190
war ii a long time ago there were huge

663
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:31,470
shortages of people most american men

664
00:28:34,640 --> 00:28:32,510
were off fighting the war

665
00:28:36,650 --> 00:28:34,650
there weren't many left here in America

666
00:28:38,870 --> 00:28:36,660
and so more and more the burden of doing

667
00:28:42,620 --> 00:28:38,880
important war work here on the homefront

668
00:28:43,550 --> 00:28:42,630
fell to women and so all companies and

669
00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:43,560
government agencies were out there

670
00:28:51,650 --> 00:28:47,490
looking for women in early in the war in

671
00:28:53,810 --> 00:28:51,660
1941 President Roosevelt issued an

672
00:28:56,060 --> 00:28:53,820
executive order requiring the federal

673
00:28:57,620 --> 00:28:56,070
government to to bring African Americans

674
00:29:00,380 --> 00:28:57,630
into the federal work force working on

675
00:29:02,210 --> 00:29:00,390
the war effort you'd think that wouldn't

676
00:29:03,470 --> 00:29:02,220
you would need to have a executive order

677
00:29:04,790 --> 00:29:03,480
to tell you to do that because it seems

678
00:29:06,560 --> 00:29:04,800
like an obvious solution but in fact

679
00:29:09,740 --> 00:29:06,570
that was it that was a difficult thing

680
00:29:11,540 --> 00:29:09,750
to do and and and so that that happened

681
00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:11,550
and so once that happened that folks at

682
00:29:18,140 --> 00:29:15,360
NACA who already hired women computers

683
00:29:19,850 --> 00:29:18,150
to start with in the 30s said well can

684
00:29:21,350 --> 00:29:19,860
we find you know some more women and

685
00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:21,360
they start looking around and they found

686
00:29:25,160 --> 00:29:23,130
mostly actually there were mostly high

687
00:29:26,049 --> 00:29:25,170
school teachers or grade school teachers

688
00:29:28,330 --> 00:29:26,059
in fact who were

689
00:29:31,419 --> 00:29:28,340
in the in the segregated black school

690
00:29:33,549 --> 00:29:31,429
systems here in the south and once and

691
00:29:34,930 --> 00:29:33,559
once they get there you know that first

692
00:29:36,639 --> 00:29:34,940
connection made the first five woman

693
00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:36,649
came to work here at Langley in June in

694
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:38,960
1943 once they got that connection

695
00:29:43,089 --> 00:29:41,210
established that Network grew rapidly

696
00:29:45,279 --> 00:29:43,099
because these were really good jobs that

697
00:29:48,789 --> 00:29:45,289
paid more than twice what a teacher was

698
00:29:50,349 --> 00:29:48,799
paid in the school system and so women

699
00:29:52,450 --> 00:29:50,359
who were qualified for it and had the

700
00:29:54,519 --> 00:29:52,460
skills and the interest in doing that it

701
00:29:55,839 --> 00:29:54,529
wasn't hard to attract them the hard

702
00:29:57,999 --> 00:29:55,849
part was when they got here finding a

703
00:29:59,560 --> 00:29:58,009
place for him to live because Hampton

704
00:30:01,659 --> 00:29:59,570
was growing rapidly during World War two

705
00:30:04,499 --> 00:30:01,669
housing was short and there are other

706
00:30:06,399 --> 00:30:04,509
issues that impinge on things but

707
00:30:14,259 --> 00:30:06,409
attracting them wasn't actually that big

708
00:30:16,779 --> 00:30:14,269
of a problem um sorry we're going to go

709
00:30:18,099 --> 00:30:16,789
to questions from our schools but I'm

710
00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:18,109
going to ask the questions from our

711
00:30:22,299 --> 00:30:20,690
schools apparently we need Katherine

712
00:30:25,419 --> 00:30:22,309
Johnson to come help us out with the

713
00:30:27,159 --> 00:30:25,429
technical side of this today so I've got

714
00:30:29,289 --> 00:30:27,169
the questions here from our schools the

715
00:30:33,599 --> 00:30:29,299
on our deal and so hopefully they are

716
00:30:36,810 --> 00:30:33,609
they're listening in it can hear us but

717
00:30:41,379 --> 00:30:36,820
actually if we can go back to Ted for

718
00:30:43,479 --> 00:30:41,389
another question why so this is from

719
00:30:46,570 --> 00:30:43,489
Newcastle junior senior high school and

720
00:30:49,479 --> 00:30:46,580
the question is why did you choose those

721
00:30:54,899 --> 00:30:49,489
specific women for the movie and how did

722
00:31:00,759 --> 00:30:58,389
you know casting is everything in the

723
00:31:02,259 --> 00:31:00,769
movie everyone as all of you know as you

724
00:31:04,269 --> 00:31:02,269
watch a movie the first thing you see

725
00:31:07,029 --> 00:31:04,279
and the first thing you catch on to are

726
00:31:08,979 --> 00:31:07,039
the actors playing those parts so it's

727
00:31:10,959 --> 00:31:08,989
very critical that you get the casting

728
00:31:14,229 --> 00:31:10,969
right and take your time to do it

729
00:31:16,690 --> 00:31:14,239
I've been a huge fan of taraji piensan

730
00:31:18,599 --> 00:31:16,700
since her first work in the movie called

731
00:31:21,489 --> 00:31:18,609
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

732
00:31:24,070 --> 00:31:21,499
where she played Brad Pitt's mom and I

733
00:31:26,799 --> 00:31:24,080
just fell in love with her work in that

734
00:31:30,180 --> 00:31:26,809
movie and just she's a phenomenally

735
00:31:32,529 --> 00:31:30,190
powerful actress and and then I know you

736
00:31:35,109 --> 00:31:32,539
some of you probably know her from a

737
00:31:39,460 --> 00:31:35,119
recent television series on Empire which

738
00:31:40,250 --> 00:31:39,470
is night and day I mean not to they

739
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:40,260
couldn't be

740
00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:44,610
and to think that she can do that body

741
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:46,920
of work and that range I thought to

742
00:31:50,930 --> 00:31:48,750
myself whether whether what a beautiful

743
00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:50,940
and fresh choice to play the very

744
00:31:56,120 --> 00:31:53,430
elegant and reserved Catherine Johnson

745
00:31:59,450 --> 00:31:56,130
and and they really worked out for us

746
00:32:00,920 --> 00:31:59,460
because taraji is just a powerhouse I

747
00:32:03,410 --> 00:32:00,930
was able to play Catherine with such

748
00:32:05,470 --> 00:32:03,420
poise and such elegance and she really

749
00:32:08,360 --> 00:32:05,480
dug into the math and she was fantastic

750
00:32:10,820 --> 00:32:08,370
Octavia Spencer plays Dorothy Vaughan

751
00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:10,830
and Octavia Spencer is to me one of the

752
00:32:15,290 --> 00:32:13,170
greatest actors in the world she can do

753
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:15,300
no wrong ever ever since she broke out

754
00:32:18,790 --> 00:32:16,710
of the scene with the movie the help

755
00:32:21,470 --> 00:32:18,800
which I'm sure a lot of you have seen

756
00:32:23,930 --> 00:32:21,480
she's just a fantastic town and a

757
00:32:27,170 --> 00:32:23,940
wonderful human being and she represents

758
00:32:32,140 --> 00:32:27,180
the maternal character because Dorothy

759
00:32:35,630 --> 00:32:32,150
Vaughn at her times at NASA put herself

760
00:32:37,550 --> 00:32:35,640
about put others above herself and so

761
00:32:39,230 --> 00:32:37,560
was always looking out for her women and

762
00:32:41,810 --> 00:32:39,240
getting them helping them get promotions

763
00:32:43,820 --> 00:32:41,820
and helping them learn and so the Wonder

764
00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:43,830
the maternal person there and Octavia

765
00:32:47,960 --> 00:32:46,290
really has that energy and then I'm sure

766
00:32:50,450 --> 00:32:47,970
some of you know Janelle Monae from her

767
00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:50,460
work in music and Janelle Monae plays

768
00:32:59,780 --> 00:32:53,730
Mary Jackson and Mary Jackson represents

769
00:33:02,540 --> 00:32:59,790
the in my mind the fire of a person not

770
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:02,550
willing to take no for an answer and

771
00:33:07,010 --> 00:33:04,770
wanting to fight for what was right and

772
00:33:10,160 --> 00:33:07,020
from what she deserved and Janelle Monae

773
00:33:13,100 --> 00:33:10,170
is an activist and a fighter for all

774
00:33:15,950 --> 00:33:13,110
four causes and she really really really

775
00:33:18,890 --> 00:33:15,960
came into the came into the part when

776
00:33:20,510 --> 00:33:18,900
such passion is such vim she just won

777
00:33:22,670 --> 00:33:20,520
this over so she was a great choice for

778
00:33:24,610 --> 00:33:22,680
that and then for NASA's administrator

779
00:33:27,260 --> 00:33:24,620
at the time we went with Kevin Costner

780
00:33:30,410 --> 00:33:27,270
yes and I'm sure most of you know Kevin

781
00:33:32,660 --> 00:33:30,420
Costner Kevin Costner is one of the last

782
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:32,670
remaining movie stars in my mind he sees

783
00:33:37,340 --> 00:33:35,310
just a one of the most stand-up human

784
00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:37,350
beings I've ever met and we wanted

785
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:39,450
someone really stoic and strong to play

786
00:33:42,620 --> 00:33:41,910
the NASA Administrator and Kevin was

787
00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:42,630
fantastic

788
00:33:46,640 --> 00:33:44,490
with that as well and then the rest of

789
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:46,650
the cast is filled out by Jim Parsons

790
00:33:52,940 --> 00:33:50,310
who you most of you know from a show

791
00:33:53,850 --> 00:33:52,950
called Big Bang Theory and he plays a

792
00:33:55,110 --> 00:33:53,860
scientist on the

793
00:33:57,690 --> 00:33:55,120
Big Bang Theory so it's kind of a

794
00:33:59,400 --> 00:33:57,700
perfect perfect transition to play a

795
00:34:03,419 --> 00:33:59,410
scientist for NASA and then kirsten

796
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:03,429
dunst plays vivian mitchell the the head

797
00:34:07,770 --> 00:34:05,890
of the female computing group and she

798
00:34:09,450 --> 00:34:07,780
does a fantastic job too and these

799
00:34:11,879 --> 00:34:09,460
people playing against type because

800
00:34:14,879 --> 00:34:11,889
there are there are themes in the movie

801
00:34:17,159 --> 00:34:14,889
that are tough they will be tough for

802
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:17,169
you to watch because a lot of you are

803
00:34:22,770 --> 00:34:20,310
young enough to not understand what

804
00:34:25,740 --> 00:34:22,780
racism was at that time and what sexism

805
00:34:29,369 --> 00:34:25,750
was at that time but growing up in in

806
00:34:31,139 --> 00:34:29,379
the segregated state of Virginia at that

807
00:34:34,349 --> 00:34:31,149
time is very very challenging for these

808
00:34:36,720 --> 00:34:34,359
women and you guys will not understand

809
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:36,730
that because you don't live in that time

810
00:34:42,240 --> 00:34:40,570
thank God so it was really hard for Jim

811
00:34:44,669 --> 00:34:42,250
Parsons and really hard for Kirsten does

812
00:34:47,010 --> 00:34:44,679
to play characters that are so opposite

813
00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:47,020
of who they are as human beings and I

814
00:34:50,700 --> 00:34:48,550
really wanted character actors that were

815
00:34:53,520 --> 00:34:50,710
likeable to play roles that were

816
00:34:57,599 --> 00:34:53,530
unlikable though would make it more more

817
00:35:00,750 --> 00:34:57,609
it would make it easier to take all

818
00:35:03,359 --> 00:35:00,760
right thank you all right we are gonna

819
00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:03,369
go to a question from Winthrop

820
00:35:09,210 --> 00:35:06,970
Elementary School and to get back into a

821
00:35:12,960 --> 00:35:09,220
little bit more of the science and math

822
00:35:15,690 --> 00:35:12,970
side of this let's talk about what kind

823
00:35:18,780 --> 00:35:15,700
of math these women were computing to

824
00:35:20,940 --> 00:35:18,790
help these launches so let's talk a

825
00:35:22,770 --> 00:35:20,950
little bit about the the actual numbers

826
00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:22,780
so what kind of math were they doing

827
00:35:28,890 --> 00:35:26,290
well in fact as you'll see in the movie

828
00:35:31,230 --> 00:35:28,900
the thing that really threw them a loop

829
00:35:33,180 --> 00:35:31,240
was they had been doing parabolic

830
00:35:35,220 --> 00:35:33,190
computations which is you know

831
00:35:37,470 --> 00:35:35,230
suborbital spaceflight and they went

832
00:35:39,560 --> 00:35:37,480
into a type of math that that goes to

833
00:35:41,730 --> 00:35:39,570
what's called orbital mechanics

834
00:35:45,359 --> 00:35:41,740
something that not a lot of people do

835
00:35:47,280 --> 00:35:45,369
anything at all about in those days you

836
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:47,290
know all of a sudden things don't in

837
00:35:53,580 --> 00:35:51,310
fact when you fly in space and orbital

838
00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:53,590
mechanics comes into play you find that

839
00:35:57,810 --> 00:35:55,930
things can work it's not an airplane

840
00:36:00,780 --> 00:35:57,820
flying a spaceship around because it

841
00:36:02,430 --> 00:36:00,790
doesn't behave the way that an airplane

842
00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:02,440
does because your planes are using

843
00:36:06,330 --> 00:36:04,450
geometry and trigonometry and we're

844
00:36:09,060 --> 00:36:06,340
we're subject to the laws of

845
00:36:11,330 --> 00:36:09,070
mechanics so that was the biggest

846
00:36:14,490 --> 00:36:11,340
difference was the fact of going from

847
00:36:16,230 --> 00:36:14,500
where all you had to worry about was

848
00:36:19,350 --> 00:36:16,240
gravity and all of a sudden now you

849
00:36:19,950 --> 00:36:19,360
don't my speed gravity curvature of the

850
00:36:24,270 --> 00:36:19,960
earth

851
00:36:25,890 --> 00:36:24,280
the gravity field is different in

852
00:36:29,010 --> 00:36:25,900
different places as lots of things to be

853
00:36:30,750 --> 00:36:29,020
conservative and ask the mathematician I

854
00:36:33,060 --> 00:36:30,760
was gonna see really tell us a little

855
00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:33,070
bit about what kind of math you do today

856
00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:35,050
in the projects that you're working on

857
00:36:40,680 --> 00:36:37,570
okay that's a good question so we do a

858
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:40,690
lot of computations and we do a lot of

859
00:36:46,350 --> 00:36:43,450
developing of tools to look at different

860
00:36:49,230 --> 00:36:46,360
systems and so it's a system approach to

861
00:36:51,180 --> 00:36:49,240
see look at a system perturb that system

862
00:36:53,070 --> 00:36:51,190
and so that takes a lot of a lot of

863
00:36:55,460 --> 00:36:53,080
algebra a lot of calculus there's a lot

864
00:36:58,590 --> 00:36:55,470
of unknowns and so we use those type of

865
00:37:00,180 --> 00:36:58,600
mathematical tools to help us design and

866
00:37:03,690 --> 00:37:00,190
do the analysis that we need to figure

867
00:37:08,520 --> 00:37:03,700
out how for instance a robotic mission

868
00:37:11,010 --> 00:37:08,530
might work or how for instance a vehicle

869
00:37:14,190 --> 00:37:11,020
might work on the surface of Mars or how

870
00:37:16,220 --> 00:37:14,200
we might do research resource

871
00:37:19,020 --> 00:37:16,230
utilization and things of that nature so

872
00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:19,030
so what would you say to one of these

873
00:37:25,860 --> 00:37:22,930
students here today who says math a lot

874
00:37:27,780 --> 00:37:25,870
of computer do that for me so so

875
00:37:29,250 --> 00:37:27,790
computers are great right computers are

876
00:37:33,330 --> 00:37:29,260
very very great but if we don't

877
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:33,340
understand the information that we are

878
00:37:36,720 --> 00:37:35,050
putting into the computers then we never

879
00:37:38,070 --> 00:37:36,730
know what we're getting out of it and so

880
00:37:40,140 --> 00:37:38,080
for instance you can plug plenty of

881
00:37:42,510 --> 00:37:40,150
numbers in hit a couple of plus signs

882
00:37:44,010 --> 00:37:42,520
and if you don't understand what you're

883
00:37:46,260 --> 00:37:44,020
trying to get out of it then it's just a

884
00:37:48,240 --> 00:37:46,270
black box right it's just a box and so

885
00:37:49,890 --> 00:37:48,250
you really do have to have understanding

886
00:37:52,140 --> 00:37:49,900
of the mathematics and so as

887
00:37:54,300 --> 00:37:52,150
administrator bolden said that chicken

888
00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:54,310
domination trigonometry so you have to

889
00:37:58,200 --> 00:37:55,930
know the triangles and the circles and

890
00:37:59,940 --> 00:37:58,210
isosceles triangles the calculus you

891
00:38:01,380 --> 00:37:59,950
have to be able to find X you know you

892
00:38:03,720 --> 00:38:01,390
have all these different variables and

893
00:38:07,020 --> 00:38:03,730
you have to be able to see you guys are

894
00:38:10,020 --> 00:38:07,030
surviving finding access so it is really

895
00:38:12,990 --> 00:38:10,030
really important to understand the math

896
00:38:15,120 --> 00:38:13,000
so that you can do modeling so that you

897
00:38:16,710 --> 00:38:15,130
can do what they call now coding I used

898
00:38:19,350 --> 00:38:16,720
to call it software but it's coding now

899
00:38:19,810 --> 00:38:19,360
and so it is understanding of the math

900
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:19,820
and so and

901
00:38:24,070 --> 00:38:22,010
really truly important to understand

902
00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:24,080
that math and it's also very important

903
00:38:28,480 --> 00:38:26,480
to understand the science behind it so

904
00:38:30,370 --> 00:38:28,490
as a physicist you have to understand

905
00:38:32,620 --> 00:38:30,380
things like gravity and you have to

906
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:32,630
understand the laws of science to help

907
00:38:36,070 --> 00:38:35,090
you to help you understand exactly what

908
00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:36,080
you're trying to get out of that

909
00:38:41,890 --> 00:38:38,810
solution I'll get one thing you cannot

910
00:38:44,710 --> 00:38:41,900
go forward unless you understand the

911
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:44,720
basics you've got to understand addition

912
00:38:49,420 --> 00:38:47,210
subtraction multiplication and division

913
00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:49,430
calculus is something that drives some

914
00:38:53,650 --> 00:38:51,530
of you crazy if you're taking it and it

915
00:38:55,240 --> 00:38:53,660
did the same for me until I had a

916
00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:55,250
professor one time who said look all

917
00:38:59,860 --> 00:38:56,930
you're doing is adding it's just

918
00:39:02,770 --> 00:38:59,870
infinite addition your calculus is is a

919
00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:02,780
mathematics that allows you to take

920
00:39:08,770 --> 00:39:05,690
infinite slices of something and come up

921
00:39:12,310 --> 00:39:08,780
to solve a plain old problem of addition

922
00:39:15,160 --> 00:39:12,320
so you got to understand the basics as

923
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:15,170
Julie was saying you can think in your

924
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:17,810
brain and use critical thinking to say

925
00:39:21,580 --> 00:39:19,310
okay does this answer that the computer

926
00:39:23,050 --> 00:39:21,590
just gave me make sense if you don't

927
00:39:24,430 --> 00:39:23,060
understand the basic if you don't

928
00:39:25,930 --> 00:39:24,440
understand what you're trying to do and

929
00:39:28,030 --> 00:39:25,940
what you're looking for the computer

930
00:39:29,950 --> 00:39:28,040
will give you anything and and and

931
00:39:33,730 --> 00:39:29,960
you'll buy it so you don't want to do

932
00:39:36,010 --> 00:39:33,740
that so we have a question here from

933
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:36,020
Avon intermediate west some of our

934
00:39:40,330 --> 00:39:38,330
students on the DLN and we've been

935
00:39:42,790 --> 00:39:40,340
talking about math and how we used math

936
00:39:46,210 --> 00:39:42,800
up orbital mechanics to calculate

937
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:46,220
trajectories I imagine that might be

938
00:39:52,090 --> 00:39:48,110
useful for future space exploration

939
00:39:54,340 --> 00:39:52,100
missions as well so what what's the

940
00:39:57,520 --> 00:39:54,350
difference in the actual math of going

941
00:40:00,880 --> 00:39:57,530
to the moon going to Mars going going

942
00:40:03,850 --> 00:40:00,890
further going out there I can take a

943
00:40:05,290 --> 00:40:03,860
shot at that so we do have in the branch

944
00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:05,300
that I work in we do have a group of

945
00:40:10,060 --> 00:40:07,850
folks who have expertise in trajectory

946
00:40:11,620 --> 00:40:10,070
analysis and it is really really

947
00:40:13,330 --> 00:40:11,630
important that when we are trying to go

948
00:40:15,970 --> 00:40:13,340
to Mars when we need to go there as

949
00:40:18,430 --> 00:40:15,980
efficiently as we possibly can because

950
00:40:19,630 --> 00:40:18,440
when you think about going to Mars right

951
00:40:21,910 --> 00:40:19,640
there's nothing there so you have to

952
00:40:24,490 --> 00:40:21,920
bring everything with you and so there's

953
00:40:27,310 --> 00:40:24,500
a there's a constraint on how much you

954
00:40:29,950 --> 00:40:27,320
can actually lift off the surface of the

955
00:40:31,990 --> 00:40:29,960
planet and get into space and so what

956
00:40:33,550 --> 00:40:32,000
you want to do is be able to optimize

957
00:40:36,850 --> 00:40:33,560
all of those different two

958
00:40:38,770 --> 00:40:36,860
Jeffery's all those all of that going

959
00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:38,780
around the going around the earth and

960
00:40:42,820 --> 00:40:40,760
using that trajectory to help you get to

961
00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:42,830
Mars because it's not a straight shot to

962
00:40:47,020 --> 00:40:44,570
Mars it's not like getting on 95 and

963
00:40:49,870 --> 00:40:47,030
going from Earth to Mars is it's a much

964
00:40:51,490 --> 00:40:49,880
different process is a much different

965
00:40:54,220 --> 00:40:51,500
way to go and you have to understand

966
00:40:56,380 --> 00:40:54,230
again that whole orbital trajectory and

967
00:40:57,760 --> 00:40:56,390
orbital mechanics and there are people

968
00:40:59,320 --> 00:40:57,770
like I said in my brands that do that

969
00:41:01,240 --> 00:40:59,330
and they use computers and they're

970
00:41:03,550 --> 00:41:01,250
experts and so when I think about the

971
00:41:05,890 --> 00:41:03,560
movie hidden figures and I think about

972
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:05,900
Miss Johnson and those folks who were

973
00:41:09,520 --> 00:41:07,310
doing those calculations she could

974
00:41:11,230 --> 00:41:09,530
actually see that all in her head and

975
00:41:12,910 --> 00:41:11,240
she could even not only see it in her

976
00:41:14,020 --> 00:41:12,920
head but she could explain it and when

977
00:41:16,510 --> 00:41:14,030
you see the movie you can see her

978
00:41:18,130 --> 00:41:16,520
writing these things out and so yes it's

979
00:41:21,010 --> 00:41:18,140
all very very important and same

980
00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:21,020
application same things that you know we

981
00:41:26,140 --> 00:41:23,450
need to do to go to Mars as a matter of

982
00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:26,150
fact I read Margo's book and it was an

983
00:41:29,740 --> 00:41:27,650
awesome book and at the end of the book

984
00:41:32,020 --> 00:41:29,750
when the astronauts had successfully

985
00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:32,030
landed on the moon Kathryn and the folks

986
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:33,410
that she was working with were actually

987
00:41:37,210 --> 00:41:35,210
thinking about sending humans to other

988
00:41:38,770 --> 00:41:37,220
planets so I think that is really so

989
00:41:40,230 --> 00:41:38,780
cool she was thinking about that so many

990
00:41:43,360 --> 00:41:40,240
years ago

991
00:41:45,970 --> 00:41:43,370
so a question from our friends at

992
00:41:47,980 --> 00:41:45,980
Mountain elementary school in Los Alamos

993
00:41:50,740 --> 00:41:47,990
and they want to know how many people

994
00:41:53,230 --> 00:41:50,750
were human computers how many people did

995
00:41:54,970 --> 00:41:53,240
we have doing these calculations well

996
00:41:56,470 --> 00:41:54,980
that's a really interesting question and

997
00:41:57,820 --> 00:41:56,480
I'm glad they asked it because we don't

998
00:42:01,330 --> 00:41:57,830
really have a really good answer to that

999
00:42:04,060 --> 00:42:01,340
question I'm afraid we do know that the

1000
00:42:06,370 --> 00:42:04,070
first woman computers were hired by the

1001
00:42:08,290 --> 00:42:06,380
NACA in 1935 there were five of them and

1002
00:42:09,790 --> 00:42:08,300
interesting enough in 1943 when I hired

1003
00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:09,800
the first african-american computers

1004
00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:12,770
they also hired five but the computers

1005
00:42:17,320 --> 00:42:15,050
worked at that point they normally

1006
00:42:19,150 --> 00:42:17,330
started working in a pool so there'd be

1007
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:19,160
a group of computers and engineers would

1008
00:42:23,260 --> 00:42:21,410
bring them things that they needed you

1009
00:42:25,180 --> 00:42:23,270
know resolve from the results from

1010
00:42:26,650 --> 00:42:25,190
Windtunnel tests and they'd do the

1011
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:26,660
calculations for those things and send

1012
00:42:32,830 --> 00:42:31,010
them back but typically a computer would

1013
00:42:34,870 --> 00:42:32,840
work in the pool for a while and then at

1014
00:42:36,460 --> 00:42:34,880
some point if they get really good or an

1015
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:36,470
engineer happens to like working with

1016
00:42:39,730 --> 00:42:37,970
such a person a particular skill that

1017
00:42:41,050 --> 00:42:39,740
some certain sort of thing they would

1018
00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:41,060
get pulled out of the pool and sent off

1019
00:42:46,860 --> 00:42:42,740
to work in a laboratory someplace or

1020
00:42:49,350 --> 00:42:46,870
things and eventually NASA after

1021
00:42:50,430 --> 00:42:49,360
after that that period in the 60s NASA

1022
00:42:52,230 --> 00:42:50,440
eventually did away with the pool

1023
00:42:54,410 --> 00:42:52,240
concept at all and sort of hired one

1024
00:42:56,340 --> 00:42:54,420
directly into those positions and

1025
00:42:59,520 --> 00:42:56,350
unfortunately the personnel records from

1026
00:43:01,310 --> 00:42:59,530
those days aren't very complete in

1027
00:43:03,270 --> 00:43:01,320
Margo's book she talks about how many

1028
00:43:05,370 --> 00:43:03,280
african-american woman computers and she

1029
00:43:07,560 --> 00:43:05,380
thinks she's identified about 50 of them

1030
00:43:10,140 --> 00:43:07,570
from her research and she's done a lot

1031
00:43:11,970 --> 00:43:10,150
of research but she says there may be as

1032
00:43:13,170 --> 00:43:11,980
many as 20 more that she hasn't been

1033
00:43:17,670 --> 00:43:13,180
able to identify in terms of the

1034
00:43:19,230 --> 00:43:17,680
african-american Peters the the alt of

1035
00:43:22,050 --> 00:43:19,240
all the computers that worked on neo

1036
00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:22,060
calculations for the NACA in NASA they

1037
00:43:25,620 --> 00:43:23,920
were probably on the order of thousands

1038
00:43:27,110 --> 00:43:25,630
of you know thousand a couple thousand

1039
00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:27,120
maybe that kind of came in and went out

1040
00:43:32,940 --> 00:43:29,650
interesting enough most woman computers

1041
00:43:36,060 --> 00:43:32,950
who worked at at NASA when they got a

1042
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:36,070
job here they stayed and so some people

1043
00:43:38,940 --> 00:43:37,810
came in and went out and that's that as

1044
00:43:41,550 --> 00:43:38,950
of the confusion because you'd have

1045
00:43:44,070 --> 00:43:41,560
women who would leave to get married and

1046
00:43:45,450 --> 00:43:44,080
then decided they liked the job and NASA

1047
00:43:47,160 --> 00:43:45,460
was happy to hire the back because they

1048
00:43:48,720 --> 00:43:47,170
were skilled and good at their job and

1049
00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:48,730
so we brought it back and when they had

1050
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:51,070
babies frequently women in the workforce

1051
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:53,410
in the 40s and 50s if you had a baby you

1052
00:43:57,870 --> 00:43:55,810
were fired that was that was just that

1053
00:43:59,370 --> 00:43:57,880
was not that was not considered

1054
00:44:00,870 --> 00:43:59,380
discrimination that time in fact that

1055
00:44:04,770 --> 00:44:00,880
rule wasn't changed until the late 60s

1056
00:44:06,720 --> 00:44:04,780
long after the movie was over so a woman

1057
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:06,730
would would oftentimes lose their job if

1058
00:44:10,380 --> 00:44:08,710
they became pregnant well that didn't

1059
00:44:12,260 --> 00:44:10,390
happen at NASA because these women were

1060
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:12,270
so skilled and in demand

1061
00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:14,710
heywhat they would cover the work that

1062
00:44:18,150 --> 00:44:16,120
takes some time off to have a baby and

1063
00:44:20,880 --> 00:44:18,160
come back to work and it was daycare on

1064
00:44:23,160 --> 00:44:20,890
site and and off they went so it's an

1065
00:44:24,720 --> 00:44:23,170
interest it's very hard to nail down how

1066
00:44:27,510 --> 00:44:24,730
many people actually worked here because

1067
00:44:30,330 --> 00:44:27,520
they came and went and our records

1068
00:44:31,770 --> 00:44:30,340
aren't aren't that great and Margo who's

1069
00:44:34,530 --> 00:44:31,780
a great researcher hasn't even come up

1070
00:44:35,610 --> 00:44:34,540
with a good answer yet so so I hesitate

1071
00:44:40,590 --> 00:44:35,620
to even think about coming up with

1072
00:44:42,150 --> 00:44:40,600
answer myself all right we have a

1073
00:44:45,330 --> 00:44:42,160
question here from Carver Middle School

1074
00:44:48,150 --> 00:44:45,340
in Tulsa Oklahoma and it's kind of a

1075
00:44:51,240 --> 00:44:48,160
follow-on to that in the obviously these

1076
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:51,250
women were treated somewhat differently

1077
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:53,710
because of who they were because of the

1078
00:44:59,790 --> 00:44:54,910
color their skin and the fact that they

1079
00:45:00,640 --> 00:44:59,800
were women so that we like to think that

1080
00:45:02,529 --> 00:45:00,650
we've moved

1081
00:45:04,779 --> 00:45:02,539
past that a lot and we treat people

1082
00:45:08,019 --> 00:45:04,789
based on how smart they are and what

1083
00:45:10,029 --> 00:45:08,029
their skills are but for anyone on our

1084
00:45:12,940 --> 00:45:10,039
panel here do you have advice for these

1085
00:45:15,279 --> 00:45:12,950
students on how to deal with people that

1086
00:45:16,890 --> 00:45:15,289
may not treat you that way that may

1087
00:45:19,930 --> 00:45:16,900
dismiss you based on the way you look

1088
00:45:21,960 --> 00:45:19,940
instead of treating on dealing with you

1089
00:45:24,789 --> 00:45:21,970
on how based on how smart you are how

1090
00:45:28,510 --> 00:45:24,799
defer to Julie first thing I have a

1091
00:45:29,950 --> 00:45:28,520
philosophy that I preach to to women and

1092
00:45:34,150 --> 00:45:29,960
minorities and I'll offer that after

1093
00:45:35,289 --> 00:45:34,160
julie has a chance to say so when you

1094
00:45:37,089 --> 00:45:35,299
deal with people you have to recognize

1095
00:45:39,609 --> 00:45:37,099
everybody has their own their own

1096
00:45:41,470 --> 00:45:39,619
perspective and so you have to be

1097
00:45:44,950 --> 00:45:41,480
confident in yourself and who you are

1098
00:45:46,359 --> 00:45:44,960
again you get to working at NASA and you

1099
00:45:49,420 --> 00:45:46,369
get to working at different industry

1100
00:45:51,130 --> 00:45:49,430
because you bring a skill to that area

1101
00:45:53,109 --> 00:45:51,140
and so you have to be confident in who

1102
00:45:55,120 --> 00:45:53,119
you are the background that you have

1103
00:45:57,039 --> 00:45:55,130
think about those people who have

1104
00:45:59,890 --> 00:45:57,049
encouraged you your parents your

1105
00:46:02,500 --> 00:45:59,900
teachers and be able to use that as as

1106
00:46:04,299 --> 00:46:02,510
as confidence that you can move on and

1107
00:46:06,760 --> 00:46:04,309
do the things that that you need to do

1108
00:46:09,160 --> 00:46:06,770
and I'm a little more blunt particularly

1109
00:46:11,109 --> 00:46:09,170
for women don't waste your time trying

1110
00:46:14,260 --> 00:46:11,119
to explain to somebody why you're in the

1111
00:46:16,539 --> 00:46:14,270
room or in the in the laboratory you are

1112
00:46:19,150 --> 00:46:16,549
not going to change someone's mind by

1113
00:46:21,730 --> 00:46:19,160
trying to talk them out of a bias or out

1114
00:46:24,730 --> 00:46:21,740
of being discriminatory what convinces

1115
00:46:27,339 --> 00:46:24,740
them is your performance so really study

1116
00:46:30,069 --> 00:46:27,349
hard become the best that you can be in

1117
00:46:31,510 --> 00:46:30,079
your field and then go do your work and

1118
00:46:34,299 --> 00:46:31,520
do it incredibly well so that people

1119
00:46:36,940 --> 00:46:34,309
recognize you is the best I don't want

1120
00:46:39,609 --> 00:46:36,950
to be a spoiler here but again a

1121
00:46:43,539 --> 00:46:39,619
critical lesson in the movie is watch

1122
00:46:46,539 --> 00:46:43,549
Catherine Johnson and watch the women as

1123
00:46:48,490 --> 00:46:46,549
they adjust to the circumstances where

1124
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:48,500
people do not want to accept them and

1125
00:46:53,710 --> 00:46:50,510
and they don't do a lot of talking they

1126
00:46:56,109 --> 00:46:53,720
just act and and they perform and that's

1127
00:46:57,460 --> 00:46:56,119
that's my advice to you don't wait don't

1128
00:46:59,980 --> 00:46:57,470
waste your time trying to convince

1129
00:47:02,470 --> 00:46:59,990
somebody that you belong and I also

1130
00:47:04,750 --> 00:47:02,480
think administrator bolden that it was

1131
00:47:07,660 --> 00:47:04,760
because of people like Catherine Johnson

1132
00:47:10,120 --> 00:47:07,670
and Dorothy and Mary Jackson who came to

1133
00:47:12,190 --> 00:47:10,130
NASA and we're technically excellent

1134
00:47:13,510 --> 00:47:12,200
they were technically excellent and

1135
00:47:15,220 --> 00:47:13,520
because of them

1136
00:47:18,310 --> 00:47:15,230
and the excellence that they brought to

1137
00:47:20,080 --> 00:47:18,320
the job and to the challenges that they

1138
00:47:22,870 --> 00:47:20,090
had they opened the doors for people

1139
00:47:24,490 --> 00:47:22,880
like myself and I and I feel like I am

1140
00:47:26,050 --> 00:47:24,500
standing on their shoulders because if

1141
00:47:27,940 --> 00:47:26,060
they hadn't brought that excellence

1142
00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:27,950
if they hadn't brought that perfection

1143
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:29,930
if they hadn't brought those skills and

1144
00:47:34,510 --> 00:47:31,970
people understood that they that they

1145
00:47:36,250 --> 00:47:34,520
are that they are an advocate and they

1146
00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:36,260
are helping the team get to the

1147
00:47:40,390 --> 00:47:38,210
solutions that they need and so those

1148
00:47:42,490 --> 00:47:40,400
those women and I you know I applaud

1149
00:47:45,550 --> 00:47:42,500
them and I'm so thankful for the things

1150
00:47:47,050 --> 00:47:45,560
that they do because you know we deal

1151
00:47:48,370 --> 00:47:47,060
with biases now but the things that

1152
00:47:51,550 --> 00:47:48,380
those women dealt with at that time

1153
00:47:53,470 --> 00:47:51,560
we're much more overt and they were much

1154
00:47:55,180 --> 00:47:53,480
more challenging but they were able to

1155
00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:55,190
bring that technical excellence they

1156
00:47:59,350 --> 00:47:57,440
were able to you know send a human to

1157
00:48:01,090 --> 00:47:59,360
the moon and because of those things the

1158
00:48:03,550 --> 00:48:01,100
doors are wide open for people like

1159
00:48:10,960 --> 00:48:03,560
myself administrator bullit and all of

1160
00:48:12,340 --> 00:48:10,970
you guys living on that - Dorothy plays

1161
00:48:14,550 --> 00:48:12,350
a really critical role in all this

1162
00:48:17,470 --> 00:48:14,560
confused the personal supervisor of the

1163
00:48:19,660 --> 00:48:17,480
woman the african-american woman who

1164
00:48:20,710 --> 00:48:19,670
worked in the West competing in it was

1165
00:48:22,270 --> 00:48:20,720
she wasn't the first provides but she

1166
00:48:23,710 --> 00:48:22,280
was the first african-american who

1167
00:48:25,690 --> 00:48:23,720
supervises that unit there was a white

1168
00:48:27,910 --> 00:48:25,700
supervisor that before and when that

1169
00:48:28,990 --> 00:48:27,920
woman became sick Dorothy was stuck in a

1170
00:48:30,910 --> 00:48:29,000
job at being the supervisor without

1171
00:48:32,140 --> 00:48:30,920
being promoted to the job and then she

1172
00:48:36,070 --> 00:48:32,150
was eventually eventually they

1173
00:48:38,530 --> 00:48:36,080
recognized her but what strikes me about

1174
00:48:41,620 --> 00:48:38,540
Dorothy that's so compelling about her

1175
00:48:43,570 --> 00:48:41,630
story is that that she was constantly

1176
00:48:46,210 --> 00:48:43,580
sacrificing her own interest for the

1177
00:48:47,260 --> 00:48:46,220
woman who worked for her and and I mean

1178
00:48:49,420 --> 00:48:47,270
the woman it didn't work for it

1179
00:48:51,820 --> 00:48:49,430
she went to bat as a supervisor she

1180
00:48:53,950 --> 00:48:51,830
could do this at some considerable risk

1181
00:48:55,420 --> 00:48:53,960
to her own future career by the way but

1182
00:48:56,740 --> 00:48:55,430
she could go to bat for other woman so

1183
00:48:58,720 --> 00:48:56,750
she actually went to bat for both

1184
00:49:01,630 --> 00:48:58,730
African American computers and white

1185
00:49:04,090 --> 00:49:01,640
woman computers who were not getting pay

1186
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:04,100
raises they were supposed to get and and

1187
00:49:08,830 --> 00:49:07,010
in her willingness to sacrifice emotions

1188
00:49:10,090 --> 00:49:08,840
for herself and key jobs that she could

1189
00:49:13,510 --> 00:49:10,100
have taken for herself because of her

1190
00:49:15,520 --> 00:49:13,520
position but instead she did what she

1191
00:49:16,990 --> 00:49:15,530
could for everybody else and and did

1192
00:49:18,970 --> 00:49:17,000
build that foundation that we're all

1193
00:49:20,620 --> 00:49:18,980
standing on now you know because nasa's

1194
00:49:23,230 --> 00:49:20,630
got a much more diverse and effective

1195
00:49:24,760 --> 00:49:23,240
workforce because people like that you

1196
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:24,770
know did the hard things and made in

1197
00:49:30,180 --> 00:49:27,410
tough decisions and did what was right

1198
00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:30,190
a Ted would you like to add something to

1199
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:33,710
this discussion yeah yeah I had the

1200
00:49:37,990 --> 00:49:35,210
great pleasure of interviewing Katherine

1201
00:49:41,230 --> 00:49:38,000
Johnson twice to as research for the

1202
00:49:43,630 --> 00:49:41,240
movie she is 98 years old and at the

1203
00:49:46,839 --> 00:49:43,640
time I said Katherine what was it like

1204
00:49:48,579 --> 00:49:46,849
to experience racism in the workplace

1205
00:49:50,349 --> 00:49:48,589
how was it for you what was it like to

1206
00:49:53,170 --> 00:49:50,359
experience sexism in the workplace and

1207
00:49:55,870 --> 00:49:53,180
that was it for you and she paused and

1208
00:49:58,509 --> 00:49:55,880
she looked at me very very strangely and

1209
00:50:01,450 --> 00:49:58,519
said oh I didn't I didn't see any of

1210
00:50:03,220 --> 00:50:01,460
that I I just did my work and I put my

1211
00:50:05,559 --> 00:50:03,230
head down and I and I did my work and

1212
00:50:08,890 --> 00:50:05,569
everyone was so nice to me and so the

1213
00:50:10,329 --> 00:50:08,900
lesson I think really is the character

1214
00:50:13,990 --> 00:50:10,339
of Katherine Johnson and the lesson for

1215
00:50:17,230 --> 00:50:14,000
you guys do your work do your work

1216
00:50:19,779 --> 00:50:17,240
dig in find your dream reach for it and

1217
00:50:21,759 --> 00:50:19,789
do the work and don't look left or right

1218
00:50:22,870 --> 00:50:21,769
and go straight through and that's what

1219
00:50:26,140 --> 00:50:22,880
NASA did and that's what Katherine

1220
00:50:27,700 --> 00:50:26,150
Johnson did great that is excellent

1221
00:50:29,650 --> 00:50:27,710
advice thank you

1222
00:50:31,690 --> 00:50:29,660
all right we're going to go back to our

1223
00:50:37,359 --> 00:50:31,700
studio audience here for another

1224
00:50:39,450 --> 00:50:37,369
question hello my name is Ania own

1225
00:50:42,190 --> 00:50:39,460
Clayton my questions for Charles Bolden

1226
00:50:45,099 --> 00:50:42,200
how did these three ladies cause change

1227
00:50:47,470 --> 00:50:45,109
the NASA that's prevalent today and I

1228
00:50:49,960 --> 00:50:47,480
think one of the things they did is

1229
00:50:52,319 --> 00:50:49,970
Julie has mentioned and and Ted even

1230
00:50:55,359 --> 00:50:52,329
talked about it was they performed they

1231
00:50:57,190 --> 00:50:55,369
they they essentially put their heads

1232
00:51:00,940 --> 00:50:57,200
down and did what they were asked to do

1233
00:51:03,339 --> 00:51:00,950
they set goals as you will see and they

1234
00:51:04,870 --> 00:51:03,349
went after those goals without paying

1235
00:51:07,509 --> 00:51:04,880
any attention to people who said it

1236
00:51:09,730 --> 00:51:07,519
could not be done and I think they

1237
00:51:12,009 --> 00:51:09,740
provide a model a role model or role

1238
00:51:13,920 --> 00:51:12,019
models for all of us I joined Julianne

1239
00:51:16,720 --> 00:51:13,930
saying we all stand on their shoulders

1240
00:51:19,450 --> 00:51:16,730
we're just trying to do what we saw them

1241
00:51:21,190 --> 00:51:19,460
do and you know when you when you look

1242
00:51:23,019 --> 00:51:21,200
at Katherine's story as an example

1243
00:51:24,670 --> 00:51:23,029
Katherine I doubt if she ever dreamed

1244
00:51:26,950 --> 00:51:24,680
that she was going to do anything that

1245
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:26,960
she did she came her father brought her

1246
00:51:33,309 --> 00:51:29,210
here from White Sulphur Springs West

1247
00:51:35,370 --> 00:51:33,319
Virginia or not here but but to where

1248
00:51:37,650 --> 00:51:35,380
West Virginia State University is now

1249
00:51:40,930 --> 00:51:37,660
because he wanted to put his son in

1250
00:51:43,120 --> 00:51:40,940
college and it was while Katherine was

1251
00:51:45,670 --> 00:51:43,130
going to school with her brother her

1252
00:51:47,050 --> 00:51:45,680
older brother she had an opportunity to

1253
00:51:50,650 --> 00:51:47,060
do some things in the classroom and the

1254
00:51:53,260 --> 00:51:50,660
teacher said wow you know you need to be

1255
00:51:54,640 --> 00:51:53,270
here she was 14 years old and and the

1256
00:51:56,530 --> 00:51:54,650
teacher talked to her father and

1257
00:51:59,500 --> 00:51:56,540
convinced them to put her in college she

1258
00:52:02,410 --> 00:51:59,510
graduated at the age of 18 and and then

1259
00:52:04,180 --> 00:52:02,420
came to Langley looking for a job I you

1260
00:52:07,270 --> 00:52:04,190
know like bill says there was there was

1261
00:52:09,069 --> 00:52:07,280
no shortage for NACA and NASA to pick

1262
00:52:11,770 --> 00:52:09,079
from because there were women of color

1263
00:52:13,660 --> 00:52:11,780
who wanted to work and Katherine was one

1264
00:52:15,970 --> 00:52:13,670
of those and she saw an opening and she

1265
00:52:18,280 --> 00:52:15,980
she went after it so I think the three

1266
00:52:20,380 --> 00:52:18,290
of them and and all the women you'll see

1267
00:52:23,620 --> 00:52:20,390
in the movie they just provide

1268
00:52:25,660 --> 00:52:23,630
incredible role models for us in the way

1269
00:52:27,790 --> 00:52:25,670
that they just bore through all of the

1270
00:52:29,950 --> 00:52:27,800
resistance and all the bias and the

1271
00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:29,960
discrimination and I will echo what what

1272
00:52:34,150 --> 00:52:31,310
Katherine said when you're doing your

1273
00:52:35,440 --> 00:52:34,160
work and you're having fun there's a lot

1274
00:52:37,750 --> 00:52:35,450
of stuff going on around you you don't

1275
00:52:39,910 --> 00:52:37,760
notice people ask you about you go I

1276
00:52:42,010 --> 00:52:39,920
didn't notice that and I really didn't

1277
00:52:44,640 --> 00:52:42,020
because I was just doing what I love

1278
00:52:48,190 --> 00:52:44,650
doing and I was having fun

1279
00:52:50,109 --> 00:52:48,200
sorry Nia to another question from Gmail

1280
00:52:52,960 --> 00:52:50,119
from online and to talk a little bit

1281
00:52:54,550 --> 00:52:52,970
about how the women were trained did

1282
00:52:56,740 --> 00:52:54,560
they they came in a lot of them were

1283
00:52:58,690 --> 00:52:56,750
teachers they had some background what

1284
00:53:01,960 --> 00:52:58,700
kind of training did they get when they

1285
00:53:03,370 --> 00:53:01,970
actually got here well Becky most of

1286
00:53:05,859 --> 00:53:03,380
that was on-the-job training

1287
00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:05,869
so they'd arrive particularly in the

1288
00:53:08,829 --> 00:53:06,890
case of the African miracle woman they

1289
00:53:11,920 --> 00:53:08,839
all had degrees in math and they've been

1290
00:53:13,660 --> 00:53:11,930
math teachers largely in schools so they

1291
00:53:16,510 --> 00:53:13,670
came in they're well versed in sort of

1292
00:53:18,069 --> 00:53:16,520
the basics of what needed to be done and

1293
00:53:18,970 --> 00:53:18,079
there were training programs when they

1294
00:53:20,770 --> 00:53:18,980
came into the pool

1295
00:53:22,300 --> 00:53:20,780
Dorothy Vaughn for example was the head

1296
00:53:24,760 --> 00:53:22,310
of the West computing unit would have

1297
00:53:26,290 --> 00:53:24,770
helped those women to understand you

1298
00:53:29,290 --> 00:53:26,300
know what kind of calculations they

1299
00:53:31,089 --> 00:53:29,300
needed to be you need to be doing women

1300
00:53:32,620 --> 00:53:31,099
who had particular skills in certain

1301
00:53:33,880 --> 00:53:32,630
kinds of things would be directed to

1302
00:53:35,680 --> 00:53:33,890
that work and a woman who didn't have

1303
00:53:37,240 --> 00:53:35,690
those skills would often be teamed up

1304
00:53:41,079 --> 00:53:37,250
with somebody to learn how to how to do

1305
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:41,089
that and her most of the work was pretty

1306
00:53:43,870 --> 00:53:42,410
straightforward I mean that's part of

1307
00:53:45,579 --> 00:53:43,880
the reason why they hired women to do

1308
00:53:47,339 --> 00:53:45,589
these jobs because the engineers didn't

1309
00:53:49,690 --> 00:53:47,349
want to have to do the work right in

1310
00:53:51,849 --> 00:53:49,700
1935 when it did the first experiment

1311
00:53:53,079 --> 00:53:51,859
with women computers that started

1312
00:53:54,880 --> 00:53:53,089
largely because the engineers were

1313
00:53:57,759 --> 00:53:54,890
complaining about all the time they were

1314
00:53:58,900 --> 00:53:57,769
sting doing you know mathematical work

1315
00:54:00,460 --> 00:53:58,910
and that they wanted to be able to do

1316
00:54:03,670 --> 00:54:00,470
the fun stuff running the wind tunnel

1317
00:54:05,589 --> 00:54:03,680
and and doing other things and so they

1318
00:54:07,359 --> 00:54:05,599
happen is it tried the women computers

1319
00:54:08,950 --> 00:54:07,369
is an experiment and it turns out they

1320
00:54:10,569 --> 00:54:08,960
were much when they when they were done

1321
00:54:12,160 --> 00:54:10,579
with the experiment after a few months

1322
00:54:14,410 --> 00:54:12,170
they realize the women were much more

1323
00:54:17,259 --> 00:54:14,420
accurate much faster and did a better

1324
00:54:19,089 --> 00:54:17,269
job and didn't complain and you could

1325
00:54:21,009 --> 00:54:19,099
pay them less and it actually got put in

1326
00:54:25,390 --> 00:54:21,019
a memo that isn't as great they do this

1327
00:54:27,250 --> 00:54:25,400
great work and within her cheap so the

1328
00:54:29,319 --> 00:54:27,260
training process was fairly

1329
00:54:31,299 --> 00:54:29,329
straightforward and done largely as

1330
00:54:32,710 --> 00:54:31,309
on-the-job training for those things but

1331
00:54:34,089 --> 00:54:32,720
they think most of had the skills they

1332
00:54:37,480 --> 00:54:34,099
needed to do that work to start with

1333
00:54:38,890 --> 00:54:37,490
okay Julie could you we've got a couple

1334
00:54:40,769 --> 00:54:38,900
of questions about this could you tell

1335
00:54:45,279 --> 00:54:40,779
us a little more about what kind of

1336
00:54:46,809 --> 00:54:45,289
training engineers at NASA do today both

1337
00:54:48,549 --> 00:54:46,819
in your degree and then when you when

1338
00:54:51,190 --> 00:54:48,559
you actually get here how do you keep

1339
00:54:53,019 --> 00:54:51,200
learning we have a variety of training

1340
00:54:56,319 --> 00:54:53,029
that we can we can do here at NASA

1341
00:54:58,059 --> 00:54:56,329
Langley both technical and and on the

1342
00:54:59,289 --> 00:54:58,069
art side and so I remember when I first

1343
00:55:01,539 --> 00:54:59,299
started here you know I had the

1344
00:55:03,279 --> 00:55:01,549
technical background but I understood

1345
00:55:05,380 --> 00:55:03,289
that there was a need to be a good

1346
00:55:07,720 --> 00:55:05,390
communicator as administrative all that

1347
00:55:09,579 --> 00:55:07,730
said so I I took many communication

1348
00:55:11,829 --> 00:55:09,589
classes because typically you work in a

1349
00:55:13,720 --> 00:55:11,839
team with a team of people and you have

1350
00:55:15,880 --> 00:55:13,730
to communicate effectively with them

1351
00:55:18,370 --> 00:55:15,890
when you're writing technical papers you

1352
00:55:20,740 --> 00:55:18,380
need to have that English and that that

1353
00:55:22,749 --> 00:55:20,750
that structure written down so that

1354
00:55:24,970 --> 00:55:22,759
known in your head so that you can write

1355
00:55:26,740 --> 00:55:24,980
technical papers and also at NASA you're

1356
00:55:29,049 --> 00:55:26,750
given a lot of opportunity to go to

1357
00:55:30,670 --> 00:55:29,059
international conferences and to

1358
00:55:32,019 --> 00:55:30,680
technical conferences and again you have

1359
00:55:34,269 --> 00:55:32,029
to be really really good at

1360
00:55:36,999 --> 00:55:34,279
communicating the work that you do and

1361
00:55:38,589 --> 00:55:37,009
so not only the technical work I can

1362
00:55:41,980 --> 00:55:38,599
always you can always go back to the

1363
00:55:43,480 --> 00:55:41,990
school there's programs for PhDs if you

1364
00:55:45,519 --> 00:55:43,490
don't have a PhD or you can get your

1365
00:55:47,829 --> 00:55:45,529
advanced degrees there's a you know

1366
00:55:49,809 --> 00:55:47,839
there's a wealth of executive classes

1367
00:55:52,749 --> 00:55:49,819
that you can take as far as team

1368
00:55:54,460 --> 00:55:52,759
building and and in just the whole

1369
00:55:58,150 --> 00:55:54,470
wealth of classes as a matter of fact I

1370
00:55:59,829 --> 00:55:58,160
just signed up for a Python programming

1371
00:56:01,509 --> 00:55:59,839
class for January and I'm really looking

1372
00:56:05,450 --> 00:56:01,519
forward to that because the last time I

1373
00:56:08,280 --> 00:56:05,460
did any programming was 19

1374
00:56:09,780 --> 00:56:08,290
and I and I learned how to do Fortran

1375
00:56:12,200 --> 00:56:09,790
and I'm sure nobody here knows what no

1376
00:56:15,030 --> 00:56:12,210
Fortran is but I'm really excited about

1377
00:56:16,950 --> 00:56:15,040
about about Python so the training

1378
00:56:19,140 --> 00:56:16,960
continues you know you can continue to

1379
00:56:20,670 --> 00:56:19,150
do whatever you want to do and that's

1380
00:56:23,039 --> 00:56:20,680
one of the one of the great things of

1381
00:56:25,289 --> 00:56:23,049
working here at NASA is that they allow

1382
00:56:27,930 --> 00:56:25,299
you to continue to build and to grow and

1383
00:56:29,460 --> 00:56:27,940
to continue to you know contribute to

1384
00:56:34,260 --> 00:56:29,470
all of the different challenges that we

1385
00:56:37,470 --> 00:56:34,270
have as an organization so as we get

1386
00:56:40,319 --> 00:56:37,480
close to wrapping up here one more

1387
00:56:42,930 --> 00:56:40,329
question from Gmail how much your the

1388
00:56:45,510 --> 00:56:42,940
movie is true how much of this movie

1389
00:56:48,180 --> 00:56:45,520
actually happened I think we should ask

1390
00:56:49,620 --> 00:56:48,190
Ted that question I am Ted if you could

1391
00:56:51,480 --> 00:56:49,630
tell us just a little bit about you know

1392
00:56:54,120 --> 00:56:51,490
how much of this movie is real and why

1393
00:56:57,120 --> 00:56:54,130
you made the choices you did and telling

1394
00:57:00,450 --> 00:56:57,130
the story well I I think a lot of the

1395
00:57:03,720 --> 00:57:00,460
movie is accurate we worked very hard

1396
00:57:05,370 --> 00:57:03,730
with NASA with dr. berry and a lot of

1397
00:57:07,470 --> 00:57:05,380
it's accurate you know there are things

1398
00:57:10,140 --> 00:57:07,480
you there are things you do in a movie

1399
00:57:11,220 --> 00:57:10,150
that you have to do so like like let's

1400
00:57:13,829 --> 00:57:11,230
I'll give you an example

1401
00:57:17,250 --> 00:57:13,839
Catherine Johnson was confirming John

1402
00:57:20,460 --> 00:57:17,260
Glenn's numbers for his first orbital

1403
00:57:23,670 --> 00:57:20,470
flight that those calculations took

1404
00:57:26,099 --> 00:57:23,680
three days I don't think anyone want to

1405
00:57:29,819 --> 00:57:26,109
sit through a three day movie so we

1406
00:57:31,859 --> 00:57:29,829
compress that three days into 25 seconds

1407
00:57:33,809 --> 00:57:31,869
those are the things that you have to

1408
00:57:35,789 --> 00:57:33,819
stretch and change in the movie in order

1409
00:57:38,069 --> 00:57:35,799
for a movie at work but in terms of the

1410
00:57:40,079 --> 00:57:38,079
facts and what happened in the movie and

1411
00:57:43,620 --> 00:57:40,089
how all the characters live their lives

1412
00:57:46,559 --> 00:57:43,630
that is all 100% accurate and a lot of

1413
00:57:48,450 --> 00:57:46,569
the big quotes what John Glenn said

1414
00:57:51,839 --> 00:57:48,460
about Katherine get get the girl to run

1415
00:57:53,640 --> 00:57:51,849
the numbers what jim johnson says to his

1416
00:57:55,799 --> 00:57:53,650
wife of what before he marries in which

1417
00:57:57,780 --> 00:57:55,809
i won't give away cuz it's a spoiler but

1418
00:57:59,609 --> 00:57:57,790
these things are all hundred percent

1419
00:58:01,740 --> 00:57:59,619
accurate so we did the very best we

1420
00:58:04,410 --> 00:58:01,750
could but you know granted it is a movie

1421
00:58:06,599 --> 00:58:04,420
as it is meant to entertain so we hope

1422
00:58:09,690 --> 00:58:06,609
we hope we did a good job that bill

1423
00:58:12,329 --> 00:58:09,700
would know how close we got a lot of the

1424
00:58:15,180 --> 00:58:12,339
technical things all right bill you want

1425
00:58:17,910 --> 00:58:15,190
to add anything in a few seconds I'll

1426
00:58:20,940 --> 00:58:17,920
say that I was stunned by the degree to

1427
00:58:23,490 --> 00:58:20,950
Ted and his team of production staff as

1428
00:58:25,230 --> 00:58:23,500
well we're focused on every little

1429
00:58:27,450 --> 00:58:25,240
detail about things trying to get the

1430
00:58:30,180 --> 00:58:27,460
look in the field and the equipment that

1431
00:58:32,370 --> 00:58:30,190
was being used and the conversation the

1432
00:58:35,039 --> 00:58:32,380
technology all those faces they did a

1433
00:58:36,030 --> 00:58:35,049
phenomenal job and and made a great

1434
00:58:38,430 --> 00:58:36,040
movie out of it as well

1435
00:58:39,690 --> 00:58:38,440
great all right well thank you all so

1436
00:58:41,819 --> 00:58:39,700
much that's all the time we have for

1437
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:41,829
today but for more information on this

1438
00:58:49,710 --> 00:58:46,210
part of nasa's history visit WWN a Sega

1439
00:58:51,630 --> 00:58:49,720
/ modern figures thanks to our panel for